Japanese Koi Carp
মহান আল্লাহ পাকের আরেকটি সুন্দর নিদর্শন হচ্ছে “কৈ কার্প মাছ” যার সমগ্র শরীর জুড়ে রয়েছে অপূর্ব রঙের কারুকার্য। এই মাছ গুলো ছোট একুরিয়ামে হোক অথবা ছোট পুকুরে হোক আমাদের দৃষ্টির সামনে এলেই আমাদের মন ভরে উঠে আনন্দে, মনে প্রশান্তি আনে, আল্লাহর প্রতি এবং তার সৃষ্টি প্রতি ভালবাসা জন্মে। “কৈ কার্প মাছ” এর সম্পর্কে আসুন জেনে নেই কিছু অজানা কথা।
নিশিকিগোয় বা জাপানি কার্প Japanese Koi Carp নামে পরিচিত। কার্পটি চীন থেকে উদ্ভত হয়েছিল এবং উপহারের মাধ্যমে জাপানে আনা হয়েছিল।এই আলংকারিক মাছগুলির একটি সমৃদ্ধ ইতিহাস রয়েছে এবং এটি খুব আকর্ষণীয় প্রাণী। ২০ টিরও বেশি ধরণের কৈ ফিশ রয়েছে যা রঙ, নিদর্শন এবং আইশের ধরণের আকার ধারণ করে। তারা তাদের সুন্দর রঙগুলির জন্য পরিচিত।
কৈ ফিশ হল তাজা জলের মাছ যা পূর্ব এশিয়া থেকে উৎপন্ন। জাপানের লোকেরা বিশ্বাস করে যে কোই মাছ সম্পদ, সমৃদ্ধি, ভালবাসা, সফল ক্যারিয়ার এবং সৌভাগ্যের প্রতীক। কৈ বিভিন্ন ধরণের রঙে হয়ে থাকে। কৈ মাছের রঙ বিভিন্নতার উপর নির্ভর করে। এগুলি সাদা , কালো, নীল, লাল, ক্রিম এবং হলুদ বর্ণের হতে পারে। প্রতিটি রঙের বিভিন্ন বর্ণ একটি ধারণা তৈরি করেছে। জাপানের লোকেরা বিশ্বাস করে, সোনার কৈ মাছ ধন এবং সমৃদ্ধির প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে। ধাতব কোই ব্যবসায় সাফল্যের প্রতীক। একটি নীল কৈ মনে হয় নির্মলতা আনতে। নীল, লাল এবং ধূসর বর্ণের আসাগি কোন ইতিবাচকতার প্রতীক। বিশ্বাস করা হয় যে কৃষ্ণ কোই মাতৃভূমির লাল, ছেলের নীল এবং কন্যার গোলাপী পিতৃতান্ত্রিক প্রতীক ধারণ করেছেন।
বেশিরভাগ কৈ মাছ ২০০ বছরের জীবনকাল পেয়ে থাকে। এমনকি হানাকো নামে একটি কিংবদন্তি কৈ রয়েছে যা ইতিহাসের প্রাচীনতম কৈ ছিল। হানাকো ১৭৫১ সালে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিলেন এবং২২৬ বছর বেঁচে ছিল, ১৯৭৭ সালে তাঁর মৃত্যু হয়েছিল এটি অনেক দীর্ঘ জীবনকাল! তবে বেশিরভাগ কৈ ৩০-৪০ বছর বেঁচে থাকে। কৈ মাছ অত্যন্ত বুদ্ধিমান। কৈ ফিশে সেই ব্যক্তিকে চিনতে পারে যা তাদের খাওয়ায় এবং তাদের হাত থেকে খাওয়ার জন্য কুকুর বা বিড়ালের মতো প্রশিক্ষণ দেওয়া যায়। উপযুক্ত পরিস্থিতিতে উত্থাপিত হলে কৈ মাছ তিন ফুট পর্যন্ত লম্বা হতে পারে। জাপানের লোকেরা উপহার হিসাবে কৈ মাছ পেলে নিজেদের ভাগ্যবান বলে মনে করে। উচ্চ মানের কৈ মাছ জন্য ২৫০০০০ ডলার একটি সাধারণ মূল্য।
আমাদের দেশে অনেক ক্ষুদ্র উদ্যক্তারা জাপানি কৈ কার্প মাছের ব্রিডিং এর কাজ শুরু করেছে। “পুকুরবিডি” ভাল মানের জাপানি কৈ কার্প মাছ বিক্রি করে। সম্প্রতি আমরা নেত্রকনায় কেন্দুয়ায় জনাব সামসুল কবির খান এর নিজ বাড়িতে ২০ হাজার লিটার কৃত্রিম পুকুড়ে সৌন্দর্য বর্ধনের জন্য জাপানি কৈ কার্প মাছ ছাড়ি এবং হাইডএওয়ে কেফে, বিরুলিয়া বাসস্ট্যান্ড,মিরপুর-১ এ ১৫ হাজার লিটার কৃত্রিম পুকুড়ে সৌন্দর্য বর্ধনের জাপানি কৈ কার্প মাছ ছাড়া হয়।
আমাদের দেশের আবহাওয়া, জলবায়ু এবং মিঠা পানির বিভিন্ন উৎস “ জাপানি কৈ কার্প মাছ” ব্রিডিং, লালন পালন এর জন্য উপযোগী। মহান আল্লাহপাকের ইচ্ছা এবং সকলের পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা থাকলে আমরাও “ জাপানি কৈ কার্প মাছ” এর মাধ্যমে অর্থনৈতিক সুফল পেতে পারি।
Koi Carp Fish (鯉, English: , Japanese: [koꜜi]) or more specifically nishikigoi (錦鯉, [ɲiɕi̥kiꜜɡoi], literally “brocaded carp”), are colored varieties of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds or water gardens.
Koi Carp Fish is an informal group of the colored variants of C. carpio. Several varieties are recognized by the Japanese. Koi varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, orange, yellow, blue, and cream. The most popular category of koi is the Gosanke, which is made up of the Kohaku, Taisho Sanshoku, and Showa Sanshoku varieties.
Carp are a large group of fish originally found in Central Europe and Asia. Various carp species were originally domesticated in East Asia, where they were used as food fish. Carp are coldwater fish, and their ability to survive and adapt to many climates and water conditions allowed the domesticated species to be propagated to many new locations, including Japan. Natural color mutations of these carp would have occurred across all populations. Carp were first bred for color mutations in China more than a thousand years ago, where selective breeding of the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) led to the development of the goldfish.[1]
The Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus), a member of the cyprinid family species complex native to East Asia, was aquacultured as a food fish at least as long ago as the fifth century BC in China, and Jin Dynasty (fourth century AD) texts mentioned carp with various colors.[2][3] The Amur carp was previously recognized as a subspecies of the common carp (as C. c. haematopterus), but recent authorities treat it as a separate species under the name C. rubrofuscus.[4]
Japanese Koi Carp were first bred for color in Japan in the 1820s, initially in the town of Ojiya in the Niigata Prefecture on the northeastern coast of Honshu island. The outside world was unaware of the development of color variations in Japanese koi until 1914, when the Niigata koi were exhibited at an annual exposition in Tokyo. From that time, interest in koi spread throughout Japan. From this original handful of koi, all other Nishikigoi varieties were bred, with the exception of the Ogon variety (single-colored, metallic koi), which was developed relatively recently. The hobby of keeping koi eventually spread worldwide. They are now sold in many pet aquarium shops, with higher-quality fish available from specialist dealers.[5][6] The collection of koi throughout the years has become quite the social hobby for many who have ponds. It is also common for hobbyists who are passionate about their koi to join a club specifically for their koi and ponds. Members tend to share their knowledge of the fish with others and even help each other out when they are in need of help with their koi.[7]
The word “koi” comes from Japanese, simply meaning “carp”. It includes both the dull grey fish and the brightly colored varieties. What are known as koi in English are referred to more specifically as nishikigoi in Japan (meaning “brocaded carp”). In Japanese, koi is a homophone for another word that means “affection” or “love”, so koi are symbols of love and friendship in Japan.
In the past, koi were commonly believed to have been bred from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Extensive hybridization between different populations, coupled with widespread translocations, have muddled the historical zoogeography of the common carp and its relatives. Traditionally, Amur carp (C. rubrofuscus) were considered a subspecies of the common carp, often under the scientific name C. carpio haematopterus. However, they differ in meristics from the common carp of Europe and Western Asia,[4] leading recent authorities to recognize them as a separate species, C. rubrofuscus (C. c. haematopterus being a junior synonym).[8][9]
Although one study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Koi Carp Fish was unable to find a clear genetic structure matching the geographic populations (possibly because of translocation of carp from separate regions),[10] others based on mtDNA, microsatellite DNA and genomic DNA found a clear separation between the European/West Asian population and the East Asian population, with koi belonging in the latter.[11][12][13] Consequently, recent authorities have suggested that the ancestral species of the koi is C. rubrofuscus (syn. C. c. haematopterus) or at least an East Asian carp species instead of C. carpio.[4][14] Regardless, a taxonomic review of Cyprinus carp from eastern and southeastern Asia may be necessary, as the genetic variations do not fully match the currently recognized species pattern,[12] with one study of mtDNA suggesting that koi are close to the Southeast Asian carp, but not necessarily the Chinese.[15]
Koi Carp Fish varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, yellow, blue, and cream. While the possible colors are virtually limitless, breeders have identified and named a number of specific categories. The most notable category is Gosanke, which is made up of the Kohaku, Taisho Sanshoku, and Showa Sanshoku varieties.
New koi varieties are still being actively developed.[16] Ghost koi developed in the 1980s have become very popular in the United Kingdom; they are a hybrid of wild carp and Ogon koi, and are distinguished by their metallic scales. Butterfly koi (also known as longfin koi, or dragon carp), also developed in the 1980s, are notable for their long and flowing fins. They are hybrids ofKoi Carp Fish with Asian carp. ButterflyKoi Carp Fish and ghost koi are considered by some to be not true nishikigoi.[citation needed]
The major named varieties include:
- Kōhaku (紅白) is a white-skinned koi, with large red markings on the top. The name means “red and white”; kohaku was the first ornamental variety to be established in Japan (late 19th century).[17]
- Taishō Sanshoku (or Taishō Sanke) (大正三色) is very similar to the kohaku, except for the addition of small black markings called sumi (墨). This variety was first exhibited in 1914 by the koi breeder Gonzo Hiroi, during the reign of the Taishō Emperor.[citation needed] In the United States, the name is often abbreviated to just “Sanke”. The kanji, 三色, may be read as either sanshoku or as sanke (from its earlier name 三毛).
- Shōwa Sanshoku (or Showa Sanke) (昭和三色) is a black koi with red (hi 緋) and white (shiroji 白地) markings. The first Showa Sanke was exhibited in 1927, during the reign of the Shōwa Emperor. In America, the name is often abbreviated to just “Showa”. The amount of shiroji on Showa Sanke has increased in modern times (Kindai Showa 近代昭和), to the point that it can be difficult to distinguish from Taisho Sanke. The kanji, 三色, may be read as either sanshoku or as sanke.
- Tanchō (丹頂) is any koi with a solitary red patch on its head. The fish may be a Tanchō Shōwa, Tanchō Sanke, or even Tanchō Goshiki. It is named for the Japanese red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), which also has a red spot on its head.
- Chagoi (茶鯉), “tea-colored”, this koi can range in color from pale olive-drab green or brown to copper or bronze and more recently, darker, subdued orange shades. Famous for its docile, friendly personality and large size, it is considered a sign of good luck among koi keepers.
- Asagi (浅黄) koi is light blue above and usually red below, but also occasionally pale yellow or cream, generally below the lateral line and on the cheeks. The Japanese name means pale greenish-blue, spring onion color, or indigo.
- Utsurimono (写り物) is a black koi with white, red, or yellow markings, in a zebra color pattern. The oldest attested form is the yellow form, called “black and yellow markings” (黒黄斑 Kuro ki madara) in the 19th century, but renamed Ki Utsuri (黄写り) by Elizaburo Hoshino, an early 20th-century koi breeder. The red and white versions are called Hi Utsuri(緋写り) and Shiro Utsuri (白写り) (piebald color morph), respectively. The word utsuri means to print (the black markings are reminiscent of ink stains). Genetically, it is the same as Showa, but lacking either red pigment (Shiro Utsuri) or white pigment (Hi Utsuri/Ki Utsuri).
- Bekko (鼈甲、べっ甲) is a white-, red-, or yellow-skinned koi with black markings sumi (墨). The Japanese name means “tortoise shell”, and is commonly written as 鼈甲. The white, red, and yellow varieties are called Shiro Bekko (白), Aka Bekko (赤) and Ki Bekko (黄), respectively. It may be confused with the Utsuri.
- Goshiki (五色) is a dark koi with red (Kōhaku style) hi pattern. The Japanese name means “five colors”. It appears similar to an Asagi, with little or no hi below the lateral line and a Kōhaku Hi pattern over reticulated (fishnet pattern) scales. The base color can range from nearly black to very pale, sky blue.
- ‘Shūsui (秋翠) means “autumn green”; the Shūsui was created in 1910 by Yoshigoro Akiyama（秋山 吉五郎, by crossing Japanese Asagi with German mirror carp.[citation needed]The fish has no scales, except for a single line of large mirror scales dorsally, extending from head to tail. The most common type of Shūsui has a pale, sky-blue/gray color above the lateral line and red or orange (and very, very rarely bright yellow) below the lateral line and on the cheeks.
- Kinginrin (金銀鱗) is a koi with metallic (glittering, metal-flake-appearing) scales. The name translates into English as “gold and silver scales”; it is often abbreviated to Ginrin. Ginrin versions of almost all other varieties of koi occur, and they are fashionable. Their sparkling, glittering scales contrast to the smooth, even, metallic skin and scales seen in the Ogon varieties. Recently, these characteristics have been combined to create the new ginrin Ogon varieties.
- Kawarimono (変わり物) is a “catch-all” term for koi that cannot be put into one of the other categories. This is a competition category, and many new varieties of koi compete in this one category. It is also known as kawarigoi (変わり鯉).[citation needed]
- Ōgon (黄金) is a metallic koi of one color only (hikarimono 光者). The most commonly encountered colors are gold, platinum, and orange. Cream specimens are very rare. Ogoncompete in the Kawarimono category and the Japanese name means “gold”. The variety was created by Sawata Aoki in 1946 from wild carp he caught in 1921.
- Kumonryū (九紋竜)’ （literally “nine tattooed dragons” is a black doitsu-scaled fish with curling white markings. The patterns are thought to be reminiscent of Japanese ink paintings of dragons. They famously change color with the seasons.[citation needed] Kumonryu compete in the Kawarimono category.
- Ochiba (落葉) is a light blue/gray koi with copper, bronze, or yellow (Kohaku-style) pattern, reminiscent of autumn leaves on water. The Japanese name means “fallen leaves”.
- Koromo (衣) is a white fish with a Kohaku-style pattern with blue or black-edged scales only over the hi pattern. This variety first arose in the 1950s as a cross between a Kohakuand an Asagi.[citation needed] The most commonly encountered Koromo is an Ai Goromo, which is colored like a Kohaku, except each of the scales within the red patches has a blue or black edge to it. Less common is the Budo-Goromo, which has a darker (burgundy) hi overlay that gives it the appearance of bunches of grapes. Very rarely seen is the Tsumi-Goromo, which is similar to Budo-Goromo, but the hi pattern is such a dark burgundy that it appears nearly black.
- Hikari-moyomono (光模樣者) is a koi with colored markings over a metallic base or in two metallic colors.
- Kikokuryū (輝黒竜, literally “sparkle” or “glitter black dragon”) is a metallic-skinned version of the Kumonryu.
- Kin-Kikokuryū (金輝黒竜, literally “gold sparkle black dragon” or “gold glitter black dragon”) is a metallic-skinned version of the Kumonryu with a Kohaku-style hi pattern developed by Mr. Seiki Igarashi of Ojiya City. At least six different genetic subvarieties of this general variety are seen.
- Ghost koi (人面魚、じんめんぎょ), a hybrid of Ogon and wild carp with metallic scales, is considered by some to be not nishikigoi.
- Butterfly koi (鰭長錦鯉、ひれながにしきごい) is a hybrid of koi and Asian carp with long flowing fins. Various colorations depend on the koi stock used to cross. It also is considered by some to not be nishikigoi.
- Doitsu-goi (ドイツ鯉) originated by crossbreeding numerous different established varieties with “scaleless” German carp (generally, fish with only a single line of scales along each side of the dorsal fin). Also written as 独逸鯉, four main types of Doitsu scale patterns exist. The most common type (referred to above) has a row of scales beginning at the front of the dorsal fin and ending at the end of the dorsal fin (along both sides of the fin). The second type has a row of scales beginning where the head meets the shoulder and running the entire length of the fish (along both sides). The third type is the same as the second, with the addition of a line of (often quite large) scales running along the lateral line (along the side) of the fish, also referred to as “mirror koi”. The fourth (and rarest) type is referred to as “armor Koi Carp Fish” and is completely (or nearly) covered with very large scales that resemble plates of armor. It also is called Kagami-goi (鏡鯉、カガミゴイ), or mirror carp (ミラーカープ).
- Goldfish (金魚) were developed in China more than a thousand years ago by selectively breeding Prussian carp for color mutations. By the Song dynasty (960–1279), yellow, orange, white, and red-and-white colorations had been developed. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) are now considered different species. Goldfish were introduced to Japan in the 16th century and to Europe in the 17th century.[1] Koi, though, were developed from common carp in Japan in the 1820s. Koi Carp Fish are domesticated common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are selected or culled for color; they are not a different species, but a subspecies, and will revert to the original coloration within a few generations if allowed to breed freely.The length of a Koi Carp Fish can average up to about 3.28 feet. On average they also grow about 2 centimeters per month.[18] On the other hand, goldfish may only grow to be around a foot. In general, goldfish tend to be smaller than Koi Carp Fish and have a greater variety of body shapes and fin and tail configurations. Koi Carp Fish varieties tend to have a common body shape, but have a greater variety of coloration and color patterns. They also have prominent barbels on the lip. Some goldfish varieties, such as the common goldfish, comet goldfish, and shubunkin, have body shapes and coloration that are similar to Koi Carp Fish, and can be difficult to tell apart from Koi Carp Fish when immature. Goldfish and koi can interbreed; however, as they were developed from different species of carp, their offspring are sterile.[19][20]
Japanese Koi Carp
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